China provides more than machines. The Economic Security Council of Ukraine (ESCU) has reported that China is the largest supplier of equipment, electronic components, and materials for Russia’s weapons production. The report examines the supply of titanium, carbon fiber, and missile fuel components for Iskander missile production in 2024. Researchers found that the main flow of titanium products reached the Votkinsk Plant through a supply chain originating in China.
Russia’s largest titanium producer, VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation, operates a subsidiary in Beijing — VSMPO Tirus Beijing Metallic Materials — which imports titanium ore from major Chinese manufacturers. The Russian producer purchased primary titanium products through China’s Tianjin Chengan International Trading Company and India’s DCW, then supplied Russian military plants, including Votkinsk.
China’s declared neutrality in the Russian war has led to private and state-owned companies there becoming a lifeline for Russian arms manufacturers. Despite American and European sanctions, Chinese companies have continued to supply Russia with necessary components.
The expansion of Russian missile production is not limited to short-range missiles aimed at Ukraine. The Votkinsk Plant’s new equipment can also produce intercontinental missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, targeting major cities like Washington, New York, and others.
No single plant produces a complete missile; instead, multiple enterprises make different parts before assembly at the Votkinsk Plant or other facilities. The growing number of Russian Iskanders stockpiles and statistics of attacks indicate that Russia has increased capacity not only at the Votkinsk Plant but also at other enterprises supplying parts for these missiles.
The buildup shows no signs of slowing, with a wider effort spanning dozens of enterprises and including both short-range missiles for use in Ukraine and intercontinental systems capable of striking beyond it.
