**The Ancient History of Ukraine**
Ukraine has a rich and diverse history that spans over 7,000 years. The country was home to some of the oldest agricultural civilizations in Europe.
**Trypillia Culture (5500–2750 BCE)**
One of the earliest known cultures in Ukraine was the Trypillia culture. They established large settlements with up to 15,000 inhabitants and were one of the first agricultural civilizations in Europe. Their descendants eventually integrated into later Indo-European peoples.
**The Yamna Culture (3300–2600 BCE)**
After the Trypillians came the Yamna culture, a group of Indo-Europeans who replaced them in Ukraine’s steppe zone. They were known for horse breeding and the beginnings of a nomadic lifestyle. The Yamna people are likely ancestors of most modern European nations, including Slavs.
**Cimmerians (10th–7th century BCE)**
The first people mentioned in historical sources on Ukrainian territory were the Cimmerians. These Iranian-speaking nomads inhabited the Black Sea steppes and partially assimilated by the Scythians.
**Scythians (7th–3rd century BCE)**
The Scythians developed a powerful culture in Ukrainian steppes, and some sedentary Scythians may have later mixed with Proto-Slavs. They were another Iranian-speaking people closely related to the Cimmerians.
**Sarmatians (3rd century BCE – 3rd century CE)**
After the Scythians came the Sarmatians, yet another Iranian-speaking people who were likely partially assimilated by the Slavs during the Great Migration Period.
**Antes and Sclaveni (4th–7th century CE)**
The Antes and Sclaveni were the earliest ancestors of modern Ukrainians and other Slavs. They formed an early Slavic state and lived a sedentary lifestyle. This marked the beginning of the uninterrupted lineage of the Ukrainian ethnos.
**Formation of Slavic Tribes (6th–9th century CE)**
Over time, several East Slavic tribes emerged in Ukraine, including the Polians, Drevlians, Severians, Tivertsi, and Ulichi. These tribes eventually united into the common Kyivan Rus’ ethnos.
**Kyivan Rus’ (9th–13th century CE)**
During this period, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians began to form as distinct nations. The capital of Kyivan Rus’ was established in 882 CE.
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